At long last, Congress passed legislation to correct a drafting error related to real estate qualified improvement property (QIP). The correction is part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which was signed into law on March 27, 2020. The correction retroactively allows real property owners to depreciate QIP faster than before. Here's how it could lower your tax bill for 2018 and beyond.
When drafting the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) in 2017, members of Congress made it clear that they intended to allow 100% first-year bonus depreciation for real estate QIP placed in service in 2018 through 2022. Congress also intended to give you the option of claiming 15-year straight-line depreciation for QIP placed in service in 2018 and beyond.
QIP is defined as an improvement to an interior portion of a nonresidential building that's placed in service after the date the building was first placed in service. However, QIP doesn't include any expenditures attributable to:
Due to a drafting error, however, the intended first-year bonus depreciation break for QIP never made it into the actual statutory language of the TCJA. The only way to fix the mistake was to make a so-called technical correction to the statutory language.
The CARES Act finally makes that correction. As a result, QIP is now included in the Internal Revenue Code's definition of 15-year property. In other words, it can be depreciated over 15 years for federal income tax purposes.
In turn, that classification makes QIP eligible for first-year bonus depreciation. In other words, real estate owners can now claim 100% first-year bonus depreciation for QIP that's placed in service in 2018 through 2022.
Important: The technical correction has a retroactive effect for QIP that was placed in service in 2018 and 2019. Before the correction, QIP placed in service in those years generally had to be treated as nonresidential real property and depreciated over 39 years using the straight-line method.
Claiming 100% first-year bonus depreciation for QIP expenditures makes sense if your primary objective is to minimize taxable income for the year the QIP is placed in service. But should that be your primary objective? The rules are complex. But there are three reasons you might choose to depreciate QIP over 15 years, rather than claim 100% first-year bonus depreciation:
1. You may qualify for a lower tax rate on the gain from depreciation when you sell the property. When you sell property for which you've claimed 100% bonus depreciation for QIP expenditures, any taxable gain up to the amount of the bonus depreciation is treated as high-taxed ordinary income rather than capital gain. Under the current federal income tax regime, ordinary income recognized by an individual taxpayer can be taxed at rates as high as 37%.
In contrast, if you depreciate QIP over 15 years using the straight-line method, the current maximum individual federal rate on long-term gain attributable to that depreciation is "only" 25%. The gain is so-called "unrecaptured Section 1250 gain," which is basically a special category of long-term capital gain. Higher income individuals may also owe the 3.8% net investment income tax on both ordinary income gain and long-term gain attributable to real estate depreciation.
The point is, claiming 100% bonus depreciation for QIP expenditures on a property can cause a higher tax rate on part of your gain when you eventually sell the property. Of course, if you don't anticipate selling for many years, this consideration is less important.
2. Depreciation deductions may be more valuable in future years, if Congress increases tax rates or you're in a higher tax bracket. When you claim 100% first-year bonus depreciation for QIP expenditures, your depreciation deductions for future years are reduced by the bonus depreciation amount. If tax rates go up, you've effectively traded more valuable future-year depreciation write-offs for a less-valuable first-year bonus depreciation write-off. Of course, there's no certainty about where future tax rates are headed.
3. Claiming 100% bonus depreciation may lower your deduction for qualified business income (QBI) from a so-called "pass-through" entity, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company or S corporation. An individual taxpayer can claim a federal income tax deduction for up to 20% of qualified business income (QBI) from an unincorporated business activity. However, the QBI deduction from an activity can't exceed 20% of net income from that activity for the year, calculated before the QBI deduction.
Net income from the activity of renting out nonresidential rental property will usually count as QBI. But claiming 100% first-year bonus depreciation for QIP expenditures for the property will lower the net income and potentially result in a lower QBI deduction.
In addition, the QBI deduction for a year can't exceed 20% of your taxable income for that year, calculated before the QBI deduction and before any net capital gain (net long-term capital gains in excess of net short-term capital losses plus qualified dividends). So, moves that reduce your taxable income — such as claiming 100% bonus depreciation for QIP expenditures — can potentially have the adverse side effect of reducing your allowable QBI deduction.
Important: The QBI deduction may be a use-it-or-lose it proposition, because it's scheduled to expire after 2025. And it could disappear sooner, depending on political developments. If you forgo claiming bonus depreciation, your QBI deduction may be higher — and the foregone depreciation isn't lost. You'll just deduct it in later years when write-offs also might be more valuable because tax rates are higher.
The CARE Act's technical correction retroactively affects how you can depreciate QIP that was placed in service in 2018 and 2019. Your QIP depreciation options are better than before the correction. So, you may benefit from amending your 2018 or 2019 federal income tax returns already filed. Contact your tax advisor to determine the right course of action based on your situation.
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