Let's say you're an electrical contractor. One of your employees bumps into an unoccupied scaffold on a construction site and destabilizes it. Which actions should you take to ensure the safety of workers and avoid liability?
A. Move everyone out of the way when painters get on the scaffold.
B. Fix the scaffold.
C. Warn everyone who is at risk.
D. Report the incident to the general contractor.
If you answered C and D, you're correct. Responsibility and liability on a job site with several employers depends on each employer's role in the project.
In 1999, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) enacted a multi-employer worksite doctrine that bases safety responsibility on the role various employers play on a construction project. In general, employers can be held responsible for workers other than their own and more than one employer can be cited for the same violation.
OSHA identifies four types of employers who are potentially citable for hazardous conditions that violate federal standards:
1. The Exposing Employer is one whose own employees are exposed to a hazard. These employers must exercise "reasonable care" to correct hazards if they have the authority to fix them. OSHA requires frequent and careful inspection to prevent hazards and to promptly remedy them. What if you don't have the authority to correct a potentially dangerous situation? You must take all feasible measures to minimize employees' exposure and ask another employer to correct the hazard. If there is imminent danger, the exposing employer must remove its employees from the job.
2. The Creating Employer is the one who caused the hazard. In this case, you must keep all employees — not just your own — away from the hazard and notify the employer who controls the work site. If you have the authority to correct the hazard, you must do so promptly.
3. The Correcting Employer is the one responsible for fixing a hazard. This may be any employer on the site who is authorized to correct the problem. For example, as electrical contractor, you wouldn't be authorized to fix the scaffold in the incident described above, but you would be authorized to correct an electrical hazard.
4. The Controlling Employer or Manager has authority to manage all the other (exposing, creating and correcting) employers. This employer is citable for failing to prevent, discover or correct a hazard. In the absence of a contractually defined role, the controlling employer is the one exercising supervisory authority over the worksite.
To limit exposure, here are some common-sense rules to follow.
(Click here for more information from OSHA about employers' responsibilities.)
An Example from OSHA: "Employer M" hoists materials onto Floor 8, damaging perimeter guardrails. No worker on the site is exposed to the hazard. Although it lacks authority to fix the guardrails, Employer M takes effective steps to keep all workers, including those of other companies, away from the unprotected edge and informs the controlling employer of the problem.
Analysis: Employer M is a creating employer because it caused a hazardous condition by damaging the guardrails. While it lacked the power to fix the damage, it took immediate steps to keep all employees away from the hazard and notified the controlling employer. Employer M is not citable since it took effective measures to prevent employee exposure to the fall hazard.
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